ARCHI UK is the database of more than 190, 000+ British Archaeological Sites covering the whole of England, Scotland and Wales. It is regularly updated with 10, 000 new additions made to the database every year. The precise locations of more than 50, 000 Roman sites, 30, 000 Iron Age / Celtic sites, 25, 000 Bronze Age sites, nearly 20, 000 Saxon sites, 50, 000 medieval sites and many, many more ancient and miscellaneous sites are listed in the UK database. Plus there are links to road maps and aerial photographs showing the location of the sites on the ground. The cost of a year's subscription to the ARCHI UK database of UK Archaeological Sites is £29.95. You can subscribe with PayPal by clicking the PayPal Subscribe button below. If you don't have a PayPal account, you can set one up and subscribe by also clicking the Subscribe button below. Many beautiful and historically significant coins & artefacts and previously unknown ancient sites have already been found and reported by field walkers and metal detectorists who have used the archiUK database for their research. By subscribing to archiUK you automatically gain quick and easy access to information on more than 190, 000+ UK archaeological sites. Each record includes the map reference (co-ordinate) of each site with a link to a road map and an aerial photograph. In addition, the database also holds data on archaeologically significant field names and place-names from historical records such as the Tithe Apportionment lists and ancient documents. It is believed that ARCHI UK is the only database where this information can be searched via Postcodes, Places and Co-ordinates and accessed within an archaeological context. The ARCHI UK database ( Archaeological Sites Index ) contains details of sites mentioned in rare books and archaeological reports / surveys which are not easily found outside specialist libraries. The 190, 000+ UK archaeological sites listed in the ARCHI UK (ARCHI UK) database come from published sources such as hundreds of archaeological reports, county archaeological journals, findspots reported by archaeologists, fieldwalkers and metal detectorists and treasure hunters who have previously reported their finds while treasure hunting. The data from a search links to aerial photographs of sites enabling you to view many fascinating cropmarks and pinpoint the exact locations of the sites recorded in the database on the ground. The field-name data is of special interest because it can lay the ground for the discovery of previously unknown historic and ancient sites and further our knowledge and understanding of Britain's history. There is continuous work on the development of new technical features designed to further simplify the the identification and location of existing and new archaeological sites in the UK For archaeology students and researchers it can also operate as a geo-referenced bibliography of the archaeological literature relevant to British Archaeology. Its very nature facilitates a search of the literature in a geographic context thus providing students and academics alike with a means to overcome the limitations of the traditional keyword approach to retrieval of geographically based information. Further, a bibliographic source for nearly every record is provided along with direct links to an aerial photograph and a local road map showing the position of the site. Note that public access to this database is not available anywhere else.t for one year. Also, you will be able to gain access to any new information for one year when it is added to the database for no extra cost. ARCHI UK License Agreement License : Personal, non-commercial or educational use for a single user only. Block subscriptions can be purchased for Academic institutions, clubs and societies and the subscription rate depends upon the number of users. See below for more information on multiple user subscriptions. Payment by Mail Order Please make your cheque or postal order for £29.95 and made payable to " Digital Documents " and send your payment to the following address: Digital Documents, 10 Ormeley Road, Balham, London, SW12 9QE, UK But don't forget to let us know the password you would like to use for the internet version of ARCHI UK. Individuals For individuals, the cost of a year's subscription to the ARCHI UK database of UK Archaeological Sites is £29.95 Group, Club or Institutions Multiple access to ARCHI UK is open to groups and institutions and the yearly subscription rate depends on the size of the faculty and the projected number of users.

The City of London is in an area that has no indigenous building stone; its underlying layers of sand, gravel and clay are poorly consolidated materials that are not suitable for use as building stones. Despite this, stone has been used as a major construction material in London since Roman times. The building stones of London takes you on a journey from AD 200 to the present explaining what materials were used in some of London's great buildings: Londinium Remnants of the Roman defensive walls near the Tower of London. Remnants of the Roman defensive walls. London’s status as a capital city dates from Roman times, but earlier settlements developed principally because of their riverside location on a major trade route. One of the few substantial early stone structures that is still visible above ground is the impressive remnants of the defensive walls, built principally of Kentish Ragstone (Lower Cretaceous), that protected the Roman city. Archaeological digs, however, regularly reveal evidence of a wide range of other stone-built structures, essential to the development of any Roman city. An amphitheatre, basilica, forum, temple, villas, bath houses, and stone quaysides have all been revealed under present-day London. Consequently, like many other capital cities of the world London has had to rely for the whole of its history on importing of building stone from further afield. Transporting the stone The River Thames remained the principal means of access to the growing city for the transport of building stone up until the development of the railway network in the early 19th century. Such early stone structures show a variety of stone types. Most common are the sandy limestones of the Kentish Ragstone (Hythe Formation) sourced from extensive quarries around Maidstone in Kent; flint nodules (Upper Cretaceous) from the Chalk of the Downs or reworked into the river-borne gravels of the Thames. Fragments of Purbeck Marble — as tombstones — (Dorset), Lincolnshire Limestone, White Lias limestone (Cotswolds), Welsh Slate, black Tournai (Belgian), white Carrera (Italy) and other coloured marbles, together with Egyptian and Greek porphyritic igneous rocks, discovered at many sites suggest, not only a growing knowledge of Britain’s own building stone resources, but also that a thriving trade in building stone was already underway with the rest of the Roman Empire. Norman masons The White Tower (of London) was constructed using Kentish Rag rubblestone, with Caen and Quarr limestones, and Reigate Stone sandstone dressings. The Normans, after 1066, introduced both new masonry skills and new stones into the city. The extensive use of Caen Stone (Middle Jurassic limestone), sourced from underground quarries in Normandy, is one notable import, which probably reflects as much on the poor state of the overland communications routes between London and its provinces, as on the quality of the limestone itself, which did not prove to be very durable. The first priority of William I was defence, and the White Tower (of London, c.1078–1097) was one of several castles constructed in the city. The principal stones used were Kentish Rag rubblestone, with Caen (France) and Quarr (Isle of Wight, Palaeogene) limestones from France, and Reigate Stone (Upper Greensand, Surrey) sandstone dressings. The medieval reconstruction of Westminster Abbey (originally built, it is believed, of Reigate Stone), for example, used Caen, Kentish Rag, Reigate and Clunch (Upper Cretaceous Chalk, Cambridgeshire), together with the ubiquitous decorative columns of fossiliferous Purbeck Marble (Upper Jurassic). With the exception of Reigate ‘freestone’, which was carried overland, the other stones were brought in by sea and river. The façade we see today of the Abbey has, however, been largely re-faced in white Portland (Upper Jurassic) and yellow Bath (Middle Jurassic) limestones (Somerset). Similarly the Guildhall (Kentish Ragstone) which possesses the largest and most spectacular Collyweston Stone (Middle Jurassic, Northamptonshire) slate roof in the country, is of medieval origin, but has been largely rebuilt, at least above ground level, since that time. The Guildhall's roof is a recent replacement following fire damage during the Second World War. Buckingham Palace originally constructed principally of Caen limestone has been refaced with Bath Stone. The Guildhall is protected by the largest and most spectacular Collyweston Stone slate roof in the country. Great Fire Changes in building styles and materials over two millennia have been frequent in London and were often driven by events outside the city, most notably the Roman and Norman invasions. However, in 1666 a more local catastrophe, the Great Fire, lead to a fundamental change to the face of London’s buildings. Medieval London was a place of narrow streets and timber-framed houses, and the fire destroyed thousands of such properties. However, one of the ‘benefits’ was that in the aftermath a raft of legislation was introduced to ensure that such devastation could not happen again. The new legislation required streets to become wider and straighter, new buildings to be built principally in brick or stone and to ensure roofs were no longer of thatch. Before the fire white Portland limestone (Dorset) was a comparative rarity in the city’s buildings, although Inigo Jones had first used the stone for the Banqueting House (1619–22), part of the never completed Palace of Whitehall. The need for rebuilding on a vast scale required a massive expansion in local brick production (London Clay Formation) but Portland Stone became the material of choice for buildings of consequence. Using this white limestone Wren, Hawksmoor and Vanbrugh began to transform the devastated face of London by the construction of 51 new churches to replace those destroyed in the Great fire. Among so many churches the most famous is probably St Paul’s Cathedral (1675-1710), constructed almost entirely of Portland Stone, and quarried from the royal quarries of the Isle of Portland in Dorset, this ooidal limestone has proved to be more durable than most in the city’s building stone. Georgian architecture Chandos House, Royal Society of Medicine, is constructed using grey Craigleith sandstone from quarries in Edinburgh. In the 18th century came a further transformation of the city’s stone architecture. The Georgian city corporation and local aristocracy, through their patronage of the new ‘Palladian’ architectural style, commissioned many new classically styled buildings — Burlington House, the British Museum, Somerset House, the Bank of England and the Mansion House are all constructed of Portland Stone and grey Cornish granite. An exception, however, is Chandos House constructed instead of grey Craigleith (Carboniferous) sandstone from quarries in Edinburgh. It was not until the 19th century that we see a move away from the almost exclusive use of Portland Stone for all the important new buildings in London. The city’s growing wealth from the proceeds of its overseas empire encouraged its continuing development as a major port. New quay and docksides were built with Cornish and Scottish granites and Yorkshire sandstones (Jurassic and Carboniferous). Tower Bridge was constructed using Cheesewring granite from (Cornwall). The gradual arrival of the mainline railways into London from every corner of the country, opened up markets for stone from other sources. These new (to London, at least) stone resources could now readily compete with the Portland quarries which had no suitable rail link. The railway companies advertised their success with a series of new railway stations and luxurious hotels such as St Pancras Station. St Pancras Grand Hotel displays red bricks made from clay worked in Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire, sandstones from Derbyshire, limestones from Lincolnshire, roofing slates from Leicestershire and granites from Cumbria; all counties served by the Midland railway company.

Also known as The New Stone Age, dated beginning about 9500 BC in the Middle East, it was a period of the progress of the human technology. Pottery was first introduced in this age, as well as the development of tools for hunting, building and cooking. The neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were great builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. Houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. The Mediterranean neolithic cultures of Malta worshiped in megalithic temples. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs for the dead were also built. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges flint mines and cursus monuments. This period shows the start of human civilizations, spiritual beliefs, and the human ambition to make life easier. 9 Ancient Mediterranean 3000 B.C – 300(?) B.C. This period covers the Ancient Civilizations of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and The Byzantine Empire around the time from 3000 B.C. up to 300 B.C. The ancient Mediterranean civilization, from ancient times to the beginning of the Middle Ages, is a result of significant historical events, and it is one of the most notable empires which gave a progressive influence to the growth of human cultures. The mild and healthful climate, and the inheritance of important civilizations of Mesopotamia, India and China, the facile communication by maritime routes, as well as the invention of writing, supporting columns, doors, windows, arches, sculpture, painting, engineering, the alphabet, agriculture, metal works, and logistics was born in this era. The Ancient Mediterranean civilization was a result of the continuous process of advancement, enhanced by the inheritance from previous civilizations, by easy maritime communication, and by the exchange of ideas through migration and colonization. 8 Islamic Architecture 600 A.D.- 1700s Dating from around 600 A.D. to around the late 1700s, Islamic architecture comprises a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day, influencing the design and construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture. It composes the Influences of Moorish, Abbasid Caliphate, Fatimid, Mamluk, Persian, Azerbaijani, Turkistan, Ottoman, Indo-Islamic, Sino-Islamic, Indonesian-Malay, Sahelian-Islamic, and the Somali-Islamic architectures. The principal Islamic architectural types are: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. From these four types, the vocabulary of Islamic architecture is derived and used for buildings of lesser importance such as public baths, fountains and domestic architecture. 7 Africa 2000 B.C. – 1000 A.D. For those of you who don’t know, Egypt is part of Africa. Egypt could be considered as the most progressed region in Africa. The Pyramids of Giza is considered as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and is noted as one of the architectural achievements of its time. The rise of large structures like Building and Temple complexes were derived from Egyptian architectural backgrounds. Ancient architecture south and west of the Sahara is not well documented compared to their Egyptian neighbors so little is known of their architectural styles. The architecture of Africa is remarkably diverse because each of these African ethno-linguistic tribes has had their own architectural traditions throughout history. These entire region share a common theme that defines traditional African architecture: The use of fractal scaling: small parts of the structure tend to look similar to larger parts, such as a circular village made of circular houses. African architecture uses a wide range of materials, such as thatch, stick/wood, mud, mud brick, rammed earth, and stone, and other more perishable material. 6 Asia 5000 B.C. – 300 A.D. Also includes Persian architecture, this age comprises of all four corners of Asia. It encompasses a wide variety of geographically and historically spread structures, each to their own details and religious deities. The diversity of each nation’s culture is represented in its architecture. It is a blend of ancient and varied native traditions, with building types, forms and technologies from West and Central Asia, as well as a few in Europe. Presently, Asian interior design is a popular trend used in homes. The use of artworks, furniture, Zen, Balinese, etc. are Asian inspired. 5 Pre-Columbian 2000 B.C. – 1600 A.D. Comprises the Mesoamerican, Incan, Olmec, Maya, Aztec and Ancient North America influences in architecture, the pre-Columbian era is a period in history of the Americas before the arrival of the European colonizers in the 16th century. Traditions are best known in the form of public, ceremonial and urban monumental buildings and structures, the development of an extensive road system spanning most of the western length of the continent, the construction of the world’s first suspension bridges (Rope Bridges), peoples were excellent stone cutters whose masonry used no mortar, textiles, and the building of platforms were their most renowned achievements. Pre-Columbian architecture is mostly noted for its pyramids which are the largest such structures outside of Ancient Egypt, and also The Macchu Picchu. 4 Medieval Period 500 A.D. to 1600s Also known as ‘The Middle Ages, ’ it is a term used to represent various forms of architecture common in Medieval Europe. The basic characteristics of this style of architecture were influenced by religion (latin cross style churches), military (castle and fortified walls) and civil (Manors) impacts. Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance Era divides this period. This was a time of war (Pre-Romanesque), Expansion (Romanesque), plague (Gothic) and rebirth (Renaissance). These are characterized by a use of round or slightly pointed arches, cruciform piers supporting vaults, featuring almost skeletal stone structures with great expanses of glass, windows containing beautiful stained glass, depicting biblical stories, rosette windows, pared-down wall surfaces supported by external flying buttresses, pointed arches using the ogive shape, ribbed stone vaults, clustered columns, pinnacles, sharply pointed spires, and don’t forget the gargoyles. 3 Colonial 16th – 20th Centuries This is the time when men wanted to colonize other land masses, think of Pocahontas, Magellan, Columbus, Lewis and Clark. This is the Colonial Period. Architecture was primarily made from things they found wherever they are in search of the frontier. With the rise of various European colonial empires from the 16th century onward through the early 20th century, the new stylistic trends of Europe were exported to or adopted by locations around the world, often evolving into new regional variations. This period is divided into the Baroque (elaborate and over-designed), Classicism (symmetry and proportion), Revivalism (revival of an architectural era), Orientalism (Imitation of Eastern Cultures), and Art Nouveau (organic forms and structures). 2

A grant of £10m from the Heritage Lottery Fund has provided resources to enable the Museum to expand its innovative outreach and public engagement. Building of the WCEC Piling to form the basement wall and foundations of the new building was completed in August 2011. Excavation of the basement levels commenced in Autumn 2011 enabling the construction of the levels below ground to begin. The next phase of work saw the formation of the superstructure commence in mid 2012. The Museum's artist in residence, Liam O’Connor, documented the changing site througout the building process. Archaeology Archaeologists discovered 17th-century features on site in 2010 During Summer 2010, an archaeological excavation of the site was undertaken revealing a number of seventeenth century finds, including a section of London’s Parliamentarian Civil War defence trench. Ornamental garden features exposed the extent of urbanisation in the area during the late 18th and early 19th century. Numerous domestic wears, garden walls, wells, planting and bedding paths were unearthed. The north wall of the garden to Montagu House, a stately home constructed between 1675 and 1679, was revealed. Montagu House was sold to the Trustees of the British Museum in 1754 and opened its doors to the public as the Museum and Library in 1759. The architects The new World Conservation and Exhibitions Centre Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners (RSHP) is one of the world’s leading architectural practices. RSHP have won a number of awards including the prestigious Stirling Prize in 2006 for Barajas Airport in Madrid. The practice has offices in London, Sydney, Madrid and Shanghai. RSHP have completed a number of high profile projects, including the Pompidou Centre in Paris, Lloyd’s of London, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg and the National Assembly for Wales, Cardiff.

This first degree on Architecture (RIBA Part 1) leads to the postgraduate Part 2 and 3 programmes, which can be taken at our institution or elsewhere. Many of our graduates return to our postgraduate Part 2 programme. Our graduates can be found involved with a surprisingly wide range of activities. Many continue to work in private architectural practices ranging in size from two or three people to a staff of over 100, providing a general practice service to private and institutional clients, designing individual houses, social housing, commercial developments, civic buildings, concert halls, theatres and galleries. Many commissions are won through architectural competitions. Although primarily intended as a first degree for those wishing to undertake postgraduate studies and become professionally qualified architects, the course offers a wide-ranging general education in design, visual appreciation and problem solving, which is valuable in its own right. Although a much higher proportion of our graduates progresses to being registered architects, a certain number of our graduates do diversify and move outwards into related careers and roles. They may work in stage set design, town planning or housing policy, conservation of historic buildings, interiors, furniture design or specialist building physics such as acoustics. They may provide technical assistance to voluntary and community groups tackling difficult social and economic problems. Our graduates work in many different parts of the world, have their work published and receive awards. Other Career-related information: Queen’s is a member of the Russell Group and, therefore, one of the 20 universities most-targeted by leading graduate employers. Queen’s students will be advised and guided about career choice and, through the Degree Plusinitiative, will have an opportunity to seek accreditation for skills development and experience gained through the wide range of extra-curricular activities on offer. See Queen’s University Belfast fullEmployability Statementfor further information. Degree Plus and other related initiatives: Recognising student diversity, as well as promoting employability enhancements and other interests, is part of the developmental experience at Queen’s. Students are encouraged to plan and build their own, personal skill and experiential profile through a range of activities including; recognised Queen’s Certificates, placements and other work experiences (at home or overseas), Erasmus study options elsewhere in Europe, learning development opportunities and involvement in wider university life through activities, such as clubs, societies, and sports. Queen’s actively encourages this type of activity by offering students an additional qualification, the Degree Plus Award (and the related Researcher Plus Award for PhD and MPhil students). Degree Plus accredits wider experiential and skill development gained through extra-curricular activities that promote the enhancement of academic, career management, personal and employability skills in a variety of contexts. As part of the Award, students are also trained on how to reflect on the experience(s) and make the link between academic achievement, extracurricular activities, transferable skills and graduate employment. Participating students will also be trained in how to reflect on their skills and experiences and can gain an understanding of how to articulate the significance of these to others, e.g. employers. Overall, these initiatives, and Degree Plus in particular, reward the energy, drive, determination and enthusiasm shown by students engaging in activities over-and-above the requirements of their academic studies. These qualities are amongst those valued highly by graduate employers.

The world is filled with mind-blowing to things to see, both natural and man-made. There are so many breathtaking and incredible historical sites built by ancient civilizations, it’s sometimes hard to narrow down which are the best. Think of all the lists of historical wonders out there and how different they are sometimes. Everyone has their own, including me. Below are my favorite historical sites that I think every traveler should try to visit at some point (or don’t. That’s up to you but I think you should). The story these ruins tell is part of humanity’s story, and that is why I love them the best. Machu Picchu Located in southern Peru, this ruined city lies on top of a mountain that’s only accessible by train or a four-day trek. Rediscovered by Hiram Bingham in 1911, it was an important cultural center for the Inca civilization but was abandoned when the Spanish invaded the region. (It is famously referred to as the “Lost City of the Incas, ” though that is actually Vilcabamba). The location was made a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983, and it was named one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in 2007. Concerns over growing numbers of tourists have led to limitations on how many people can enter the site, though only by a fraction of what is necessary. Hopefully they will limit it even more so this site can last for hundreds of years more. Tikal This Mayan city-state is one of the largest and best-preserved ruins of that civilization, and was a dominant force in the Mayan world during the Classic Period (200-900 AD). Located in Guatemala, this place lets you experience your inner Indiana Jones early in the morning or late at night when the tourists go home and it’s just you and the jungle. It is very serene, and that made for one of the best travel memories I have. Be sure to spend the night in the park, as you then really get to see it without the crowds. I particularly enjoyed seeing the sunrise from atop the temples. (Random trivia: The city at the end of Star Wars: A New Hope? Tikal!)

Kicks off "50 for 50" volunteer program to celebrate milestone For SmithGroup, one of the nation's leading sustainable design firms, the struggling economy hasn't dampened its clients desire for "green, " environmentally friendly buildings. This month SmithGroup celebrated achieving its 50th LEED certified project, a LEED-CS Platinum renovation and addition to the 1200 19th Street NW, building in Washington, DC. With the milestone, SmithGroup becomes one of just a handful of design firms that have reached such heights. SmithGroup estimates its LEED certified projects will total somewhere between 60 and 65 by the end of 2010, making the year its biggest so far for projects certified by the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED certification program. Many of the 157-year-old architecture and engineering firm's diverse clients - which entail some of the nation's leading colleges and universities, healthcare providers, corporations, research institutions, and developers - are realizing that sustainable design provides energy savings as well as increased employee productivity and happier, healthier workers. "Most of our clients are now proactively asking for sustainable design solutions, " says Greg Mella, AIA, LEED AP, co-director of sustainable design at SmithGroup. "Clients have realized that green design is good design." However, SmithGroup hasn't waited around for its clients to ask. In recent years the firm decided to step up its dedication to sustainability and incorporate sustainable design solutions into all its projects, whether the client wanted to pursue LEED registration or not. In the case of the new Clinical & Translational Research Building at the University of Louisville, the client did not consider LEED Certification until partway through construction. Because SmithGroup designers integrated sustainability into the project early in the design - measures like providing daylight to 75% of occupied spaces and selecting eco-friendly and recyclable materials - the client not only met the certification goal, but also exceeded it by achieving LEED Gold Certification in February of this year. Sustainable design has always been central to SmithGroup's corporate culture and sense of professional responsibility. The firm's green background is impressive: In 2000, its design of the headquarters for the Chesapeake Bay Foundation's Philip Merrill Environmental Center in Annapolis, Maryland was the first to receive the USGBC's top LEED rating of Platinum. It was quickly dubbed "the greenest office building in America." Later in the decade, SmithGroup earned other green firsts: its design of the Science and Technology facility at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado, in 2007 became the first federal government building to attain LEED Platinum status. In 2008, SmithGroup's design of the Christman Building in Lansing, Michigan propelled it to become the world's first dual LEED Platinum project, achieving both LEED-CI (Commercial Interiors) and LEED-CS (Core and Shell) Platinum ratings. Mella gives credit to SmithGroup's culture and the tools and software its designers utilize to make sustainable design second nature. Nearly one half of SmithGroup employees - 326 of 800 of its architects, engineers, interior designers, planners and landscape architects - are now LEED accredited professionals. Upwards trends are for more green hospitals, healthcare facilities and research laboratories, says SmithGroup. These complex building types are notoriously huge consumers of energy. "Our healthcare and research clients are realizing that sustainable design does not compromise, but rather enhances safety and well-being, says Russell Perry, FAIA, LEED AP, co-director of Sustainable Design at SmithGroup. The firm is currently the architect for the nearly one-million-square foot California Pacific Medical Center Cathedral Hill Hospital in San Francisco for Sutter Health, which is targeting LEED Gold when completed in 2015.

Dimensions: The length of Notre Dame is 390 ft.; the width at the transepts, 144 ft.; the length of the nave, 225 ft.; and the width of the nave (without the aisles), 39 ft. The height of the vaulting is 102 ft. Notre Dame de Paris Timeline 1160 Maurice de Sully proclaims the vision of the cathedral 1163 Cornerstone laid, construction begins 1182 Apse and Choir completed 1196 Death of Maurice de Sully, completion of the Nave 1200 Eudes de Sully begins work on the western facade 1225 Western facade and Rose window completed 1250 Western towers and northern Rose window completed 1250 - 1300 Remaining elements completed 1699 Reconstruction of main altar begun 1741 Stained glass windows removed 1845 Viollet-le-Duc begins major restoration 1864 Restoration completed The Nave of Notre Dame de Paris. Historic Events 1185 Heraclius calls for the Third Crusade from the Notre Dame 1338 - 1453 The 100 Years War 1431 Henry VI crowned King of France within Notre Dame 1548 Huguenots damage features of cathedral following the council of Trent 1558 The Dauphin Francis weds Mary Stuart at Notre Dame 1572 Henry of Navarre weds Marguerite of Valois, days before the August 24 massacre of the Huguenots 1793 Revolutionaries vandalize Notre Dame, tearing down the gallery of kings and removing all valuables North Rose Window On the 2nd of December, the ceremony of the coronation took place in the ancient cathedral of Notre Dame, with the addition of every ceremony which could be devised to add to its solemnity. The Emperor took his coronation oath, as usual on such occasions, with his hands up on the scripture, and in the form in which it was repeated to him by the Pope. But not even from the head of the Catholic Church would Bonaparte consent to receive as a boon the golden symbol of sovereignty, which he was sensible he owed solely to his own unparalleled train of military and civil successes. The crown having been blessed by the Pope, Napoleon took it from the altar with his own hands, and placed it on his brows. He then put the diadem on the head of his Empress. Te Deum was sung; the heralds, proclaimed, "that the thrice glorious and thrice august Napoleon, Emperor of the French, was crowned and installed." —Sir. Walter Scott, Life of Napoleon Bonaparte 1804 Napoleon crowned as emperor of France within Notre Dame 1871 The cathedral is set on fire during the commune 1909

About Alcoholics Anonymous Alcoholics Anonymous is a fellowship of men and women who share their experiences, strengths, and hopes with each other with the primary purpose focused on staying sober and help other alcoholics to achieve sobriety. The only requirement for membership is a desire to stop drinking. There are no dues or fees for A.A. membership; A.A. is not allied with any sect, denomination, politics, organization or institution; does not wish to engage in any controversy; neither endorses nor opposes any causes. Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous A.A.'s Twelve Steps are a set of principles, which, if practiced as a way of life, can expel the obsession to alcohol and enable the sufferer to lead a productive life. Twelve Traditions of Alcoholics Anonymous Twelve Traditions apply to the life of the Fellowship itself. The traditions outline the means by which A.A. maintains its unity and relates itself to the world about it, the way it lives and grows. Types of A.A. Meetings Most meetings last about an hour and are held on a regular basis at the same time and place every week. There are several types of meetings as follows: Open Meeting - generally around-the-table discussion on some topic relating to alcoholism. There will be a chairperson and generally a leader. Someone will read a section from the Big Book, Alcoholics Anonymous on "How It Works." The leader will then introduce the topic. Closed Meeting - structured the same as the open meeting with the exception that only people with a desire to stop drinking, or people who think they may have a problem with drinking, may attend. Speaker's Meeting - a speaker will be introduced who will tell his or her story for the entire meeting, usually following a format of (1) what life was like when he or she drank; (2) what happened to make them stop drinking; and (3) what sobriety means to their life now. A Big Book Study - specifically designed to improve your understanding of the Big Book, Alcoholics Anonymous - a good meeting for members new to the program. A Step Study - concentrates on examining in detail the 12 Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous, the core of the program. Many of the members of A.A. find these steps to be the solution to the illness of alcoholism. About Narcotics Anonymous The 12-step recovery model is the most recognized method of success in sobriety. Most people have heard about Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) but not everyone has heard of Narcotics Anonymous (NA). NA is derived from the 12-step basis of Alcoholics Anonymous that is based on the idea of reliance on a Higher Power to relieve the obsession of drug addiction and alcoholism. This is achieved through working the 12 steps. NA is an international, community-based, association of recovering drug addicts.

The Royal Institute of British Architects champions better buildings, communities and the environment through architecture and our members. We provide the standards, training, support and recognition that put our members – in the UK and overseas – at the peak of their profession. With government, we work to improve the design quality of public buildings, new homes and new communities. From exhibitions and talks to conferences and awards, the RIBA advances architectural and design excellence through engagement with all. As the UK’s national architecture centre, we have an internationally recognised collection of over four million books, periodicals, drawings, photographs, models and other archives in the RIBA British Architectural Library. You can enjoy the RIBA Awards, including the RIBA Stirling Prize, the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture and a varied programme of exhibitions, talks and other public events, both at the RIBA and further afield.